Code generation from text requires understanding the user's intent from a natural language description (NLD) and generating an executable program code snippet that satisfies this intent. While recent pretrained language models (PLMs) demonstrate remarkable performance for this task, these models fail when the given NLD is ambiguous due to the lack of enough specifications for generating a high-quality code snippet. In this work, we introduce a novel and more realistic setup for this task. We hypothesize that ambiguities in the specifications of an NLD are resolved by asking clarification questions (CQs). Therefore, we collect and introduce a new dataset named CodeClarQA containing NLD-Code pairs with created CQAs. We evaluate the performance of PLMs for code generation on our dataset. The empirical results support our hypothesis that clarifications result in more precise generated code, as shown by an improvement of 17.52 in BLEU, 12.72 in CodeBLEU, and 7.7\% in the exact match. Alongside this, our task and dataset introduce new challenges to the community, including when and what CQs should be asked.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) in automated knee osteoarthritis (OA) phenotype classification using a small dataset (n=50). Materials and Methods: For this retrospective study, we collected 3,166 three-dimensional (3D) double-echo steady-state magnetic resonance (MR) images from the Osteoarthritis Initiative dataset and 50 3D turbo/fast spin-echo MR images from our institute (in 2020 and 2021) as the source and target datasets, respectively. For each patient, the degree of knee OA was initially graded according to the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) before being converted to binary OA phenotype labels. The proposed UDA pipeline included (a) pre-processing, which involved automatic segmentation and region-of-interest cropping; (b) source classifier training, which involved pre-training phenotype classifiers on the source dataset; (c) target encoder adaptation, which involved unsupervised adaption of the source encoder to the target encoder and (d) target classifier validation, which involved statistical analysis of the target classification performance evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Additionally, a classifier was trained without UDA for comparison. Results: The target classifier trained with UDA achieved improved AUROC, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for both knee OA phenotypes compared with the classifier trained without UDA. Conclusion: The proposed UDA approach improves the performance of automated knee OA phenotype classification for small target datasets by utilising a large, high-quality source dataset for training. The results successfully demonstrated the advantages of the UDA approach in classification on small datasets.

Transfer learning is a simple and powerful method that can be used to boost model performance of low-resource neural machine translation (NMT). Existing transfer learning methods for NMT are static, which simply transfer knowledge from a parent model to a child model once via parameter initialization. In this paper, we propose a novel transfer learning method for NMT, namely ConsistTL, which can continuously transfer knowledge from the parent model during the training of the child model. Specifically, for each training instance of the child model, ConsistTL constructs the semantically-equivalent instance for the parent model and encourages prediction consistency between the parent and child for this instance, which is equivalent to the child model learning each instance under the guidance of the parent model. Experimental results on five low-resource NMT tasks demonstrate that ConsistTL results in significant improvements over strong transfer learning baselines, with a gain up to 1.7 BLEU over the existing back-translation model on the widely-used WMT17 Turkish-English benchmark. Further analysis reveals that ConsistTL can improve the inference calibration of the child model. Code and scripts are freely available at https://github.com/NLP2CT/ConsistTL.

Recent years have witnessed an astonishing explosion in the evolution of mobile applications powered by AI technologies. The rapid growth of AI frameworks enables the transition of AI technologies to mobile devices, significantly prompting the adoption of AI apps (i.e., apps that integrate AI into their functions) among smartphone devices. In this paper, we conduct the most extensive empirical study on 56,682 published AI apps from three perspectives: dataset characteristics, development issues, and user feedback and privacy. To this end, we build an automated AI app identification tool, AI Discriminator, that detects eligible AI apps from 7,259,232 mobile apps. First, we carry out a dataset analysis, where we explore the AndroZoo large repository to identify AI apps and their core characteristics. Subsequently, we pinpoint key issues in AI app development (e.g., model protection). Finally, we focus on user reviews and user privacy protection. Our paper provides several notable findings. Some essential ones involve revealing the issue of insufficient model protection by presenting the lack of model encryption, and demonstrating the risk of user privacy data being leaked. We published our large-scale AI app datasets to inspire more future research.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.

会话问题生成（CQG）是机器通过对话等人类（例如交互式阅读理解）的重要任务。与传统的单转交问题（SQG）相比，CQG更具挑战性的意义，即生成的问题不仅需要有意义，而且要与发生的对话历史保持一致。虽然先前的研究主要集中于如何建模对话的流量和对齐，但迄今为止，尚无对模型必需部分和历史的部分进行全面的研究。我们认为，缩短上下文和历史是至关重要的，因为它可以帮助该模型对对话的一致性进行更多优化。为此，我们提出了一个两阶段CQG框架COHS-CQG，该框架采用COHS模块来缩短输入的上下文和历史记录。特别是，COHS选择连续的句子，并根据其相关性得分通过顶级P策略转弯。我们的模型在答案感和答案环境中都可以在COQA上实现最先进的表演。

对象检测是各种关键计算机视觉任务的基础，例如分割，对象跟踪和事件检测。要以令人满意的精度训练对象探测器，需要大量数据。但是，由于注释大型数据集涉及大量劳动力，这种数据策展任务通常被外包给第三方或依靠志愿者。这项工作揭示了此类数据策展管道的严重脆弱性。我们提出MACAB，即使数据策展人可以手动审核图像，也可以将干净的图像制作清洁的图像将后门浸入对象探测器中。我们观察到，当后门被不明确的天然物理触发器激活时，在野外实现了错误分类和披肩的后门效应。与带有清洁标签的现有图像分类任务相比，带有清洁通道的非分类对象检测具有挑战性，这是由于每个帧内有多个对象的复杂性，包括受害者和非视野性对象。通过建设性地滥用深度学习框架使用的图像尺度函数，II结合了所提出的对抗性清洁图像复制技术，以及在考虑到毒品数据选择标准的情况下，通过建设性地滥用图像尺度尺度，可以确保MACAB的功效。广泛的实验表明，在各种现实世界中，MacAB在90％的攻击成功率中表现出超过90％的攻击成功率。这包括披肩和错误分类后门效应，甚至限制了较小的攻击预算。最先进的检测技术无法有效地识别中毒样品。全面的视频演示位于https://youtu.be/ma7l_lpxkp4上，该演示基于yolov4倒置的毒药率为0.14％，yolov4 clokaking后门和更快的速度R-CNN错误分类后门。

运动多项式（与非零实际规范的双重四聚体上的多项式）描述了合理运动。我们提出了减少有界运动多项式的必要条件，以将因素化为线性因子，并给出了一种计算它们的算法。我们可以使用这些线性因子来构建机制，因为分数对应于合理运动分解为简单旋转或翻译。有界的运动多项式始终在乘以合适的实际或四元素多项式后，将分解成线性因子。我们的因素化标准使我们能够改善早期算法，以计算合适的真实或四元素多项式辅助因素。

在硅组织模型中，可以评估磁共振成像的定量模型。这包括对成像生物标志物和组织微结构参数的验证和灵敏度分析。我们提出了一种新的方法来生成心肌微结构的现实数值幻影。我们扩展了以前的研究，该研究考虑了心肌细胞的变异性，心肌细胞（插入式椎间盘）之间的水交换，心肌微结构混乱和四个钣金方向。在该方法的第一阶段，心肌细胞和钣金是通过考虑心肌到骨膜细胞连接的形状变异性和插入式椎间盘而产生的。然后，将薄板汇总和定向在感兴趣的方向上。我们的形态计量学研究表明，数值和真实（文献）心肌细胞数据的体积，长度以及一级和次要轴的分布之间没有显着差异（$ p> 0.01 $）。结构相关性分析证实了硅内组织与实际组织的混乱类别相同。此外，心肌细胞的模拟螺旋角（HA）和输入HA（参考值）之间的绝对角度差（$ 4.3^\ Circ \ PM 3.1^\ Circ $）与所测量HA之间的绝对角差有很好的一致性使用实验性心脏扩散张量成像（CDTI）和组织学（参考值）（Holmes等，2000）（$ 3.7^\ Circ \ PM6.4^\ Circ $）和（Scollan等，1998）（$ 4.9） ^\ circ \ pm 14.6^\ circ $）。使用结构张量成像（黄金标准）和实验性CDTI，输入和模拟CDTI的特征向量和模拟CDTI的角度之间的角度距离小于测量角度之间的角度距离。这些结果证实，所提出的方法比以前的研究可以为心肌产生更丰富的数值幻象。